Eco-Anxiety, Like Climate Change, is on the Rise

If the prospect of climate change makes you stressed, anxious or depressed, you are not alone.

With reports of some children becoming terrified by climate change and the protest group Extinction Rebellion holding ‘grief-tending workshops’, there is an increasing awareness of so-called eco-anxiety.

A UK Council for Psychotherapy conference met in London on 19 October 2019 to discuss how best to manage such anxiety.

While there is little quantitative evidence about eco-anxiety yet, here are eight approaches that commentators suggest may help.

1. Live More in Alignment with your Values

  • The effect of individual actions can be very small, but changing how you live to be more compatible with your ideals can help with eco-anxiety.
  • You could eat less meat and dairy, drive less and stop buying and disposing of so many items, for example.

2. Give your Hone an Energy Health Check

  • Household energy use accounts for 14% cent of total UK greenhouse gas emissions.
  • Reducing your home’s energy use can help you take some ownership of your consumption.
  • Make sure you have good insulation and draught-proof windows and doors, and try putting on an extra layer of clothing rather than turning up your heating.

3. Cut Back on Flying

  • The Swedish concept of flygskam (“flight shame”) has recently gained wider attention, but a minority is responsible for the lion’s share of emissions from flights.
  • A 2014 analysis found that 15% of adults in the UK account for 70% of flights taken, so it is those who take three or more flights a year who will make the most difference by cutting back.
  • If taking fewer flights could put your job at risk, try switching from business class to standard, as this uses a plane’s capacity more efficiently.

4. Do not Feel Ashamed

  • In relation to flygskam, billions of people fly.
  • Your individual actions are not actually capable of solving climate change.
  • While altering how you live and travel may help you by letting your life be more aligned with your values, you
  • should not feel ashamed for not being able to fully comply with these.
  • The systems in which we are all enmeshed essentially force us to harm the planet, and yet we (can) put all that shame on our own shoulders.

5. Focus on Changing Systems, Not Yourself

  • Accepting that we cannot get where we want to be through individual action can have therapeutic benefits.
  • A complete narcissistic focus on the self is not healthy.
  • Instead, you can have a much more meaningful impact by working with others to lobby governments.
  • For example by:
    • Letting your MP, local councillors, and and mayor know that you think action on climate change is important; and
    • Writing to your bank or pension provider to ask if you can opt out of funds that invest in fossil fuels.

6. Find Like-Minded People

  • Find a community of like-minded individuals so you can express and share your feelings of eco-anxiety.
  • Saying that you can not solve climate change alone and joining a group of some kind will help you to make friends.
  • Socialisation is an important aspect in mental health.

7. Protect and Nurture Local Green Spaces

  • Getting involved in community environment projects may help your mental health, as well as being good for the planet.
  • Green spaces absorb carbon dioxide, cool down urban areas in hot weather, reduce flood risk, and provide habitats for wildlife.
  • Additionally, a recent study found that spending 2 hours a week outdoors in nature is linked to better health and well-being.
  • Make an excuse to find some time outside every day.

8. Bring Others with You

  • Consider the importance of talking about your experiences – the challenges as well as the positives – and bringing other people along with you.
  • Talking about the practical things people can do in their day-to-day lives can give them some sense of control back, which can really improve people’s well-being.

Owning & Managing a Business Can be Hazardous to your Mental Health

1.0 Introduction

Owning and Managing a Business Can be Hazardous to your Mental Health.

This article provides an overview of business ownership in the context of mental health.

If you are one of the millions of small and medium business owners around the globe, you probably have a good idea of how tough (and sometimes lonely) it can be at the top of the business – and how owning and managing your own business can be hazardous to your mental health.

It is well-known that our mental health can deteriorate, for a variety of reasons, and, if left unchecked, can lead to mental health problems.

Although depression and anxiety are likely to be the most common issues an owner faces, it is important to remember that mental health symptoms and conditions come in many forms.

2.0 Why Be a Business Owner?

Many of us are drawn to small business because working for others provides its own stresses, for example, the feeling of lost control as others make decisions we may feel unable to influence.

Being a business owner offers a level of freedom and control that we may be unable to achieve as an employee.

3.0 Factors Affecting Mental Health in Owners

Although the symptoms of mental health conditions can be similar between people, the triggers can be very different.

There are a number of factors that could lead to a deterioration in a business owner’s mental health, including:

  • Excessive stress;
  • A toxic work environment;
  • Poor leadership;
  • Uncertainty;
  • Long hours;
  • A lack of sleep; and
  • So on.

These can lead to burnout which, in turn, can lead to mental health conditions such as anxiety and depression.

Increased competition in your particular market or industry means added pressure to perform and stand out from the crowd, as well as potentially making it more difficult to be financially successful. Business costs may also be rising, possibly faster than your ability to increase sales and revenue – meaning the bottom line is impacted, aka less profit.

Using a contemporaneous example, the business uncertainty surrounding Brexit, especially for export-orientated businesses, can have a profound impact on business planning and sales generation.

4.0 A Blur between Personal, Family & Work

Small business ownership, especially, can be tough because there are few support structures for owners.

As an owner, you are responsible for everything and the lines between personal and family pressures and work are blurred or even non-existent.

Finally, the financial pressures are very real, as it is the owner’s money at stake not a large company’s money.

5.0 I’m In Control!

Business owners may be reluctant to seek, ask or talk about any mental health issues they may be facing due to the need to be perceived as having everything under control.

This means that business owners can, effectively, end up in rather stressful jobs.

With this in mind, most employees will be unaware of the stress attached to owning a business and how challenging cashflow, for example, can be. When margins are tight, paying wages can be extremely stressful. There are real life examples where owners have paid staff wages through their credit cards or overdrafts to ensure their employees get paid – mainly due to a feeling of guilt and not wanting to let them down. It can be stressful knowing that your employee’s family relies on the wage you are paying their loved one.

There is also the stress on marriages, especially if a couple is in business together.

6.0 The Value of Mentors

Other business owners understand what you, as a business owner, are going through. They understand the impact that long hours, for example, can have on the owner’s well-being and their families.

A business mentor can assist by helping the owner find ways of being more effective with their time, among other things.

7.0 Addressing Mental Health Issues

It is imperative that you do not do nothing.

There are a number of things owners can do, at both at an individual and organisational level:

  • Know the risks to mental health and well-being in your business.
    • What are the triggers?
  • Talk about mental health and well-being.
    • This helps to normalise it.
  • Leaders in your business need to be on board.
    • They must send the message to all staff that the business takes mental health seriously.
    • Role model what good mental health looks like and what we do when someone needs our help.
  • Get some education around mental health.
    • The reason that myths and fear exist is because of lack of awareness and knowledge.
    • There are workshops, coaches and even online courses now which help plug this knowledge gap.
  • Have the conversation with your people.
    • Not saying anything to someone who is struggling is not the way to go.
    • Simply asking “Are you OK?” is a really good start and shows the person that you have noticed and do care.
  • Sleep, nutrition, relationships and exercise all correlate with mental health, so check in on your people to see how they are going with these areas.
    • For example, if someone tells you that they have not been sleeping for two months, that is going to take its toll and something needs to be done.
  • Know who to go to.
    • Have an accessible list of contacts that you can call on for a range of different mental health and well-being matters.

It is important to seek support from someone who:

  • Has received appropriate training;
  • Is a registered practitioner; and
  • Has frequent supervision.

8.0 Pursing Good Mental Health

In the pursuit of good mental health, it is important to:

  • Understand our stressors;
  • Name our stressors;
  • Admit they exist; and
  • Aim to avoid them.

If our stressors cannot be avoided, we should attempt to better manage them.

Finally, when possible, it is important as a business owner to make time and take personal care of yourself.

Can Mushrooms be the New Cannabis?

In the attached article, from The Economist, investors are hoping that medical psychedelics will be the new cannabis.

It briefly looks at how Ketamine and psilocybin (which gives mushrooms their magic) are being researched for their potential effects on psychiatric conditions such as depression, anxiety, and addiction.

Reference

The Economist. (2019) Medical Psychedelics: Shroom to Grow. The Economist. 16 October 2019.

Mental Health in Japan: The Rise of Recluses

Did you know that the pressures from work and society are causing more people in Japan to shun the outside world.

In the attached article by The Economist we can read about “Mika Shibata’s youngest son”, aged 26, who has not emerged from his bedroom for a year! (The Economist, 2019, p.49).

In an article by Andrew McKirdy, for the JapanTimes.co.jp, he states that a Government survey suggested that 613,000 people, between the ages of 40 and 64, are believed to be hikikomori.

This is up from the estimated 541,000 people aged between 15 and 39 that a 2015 Cabinet Office survey found to be hikikomori.

References

McKirdy, A. (2019) The prison inside: Japan’s hikikomori lack relationships, not physical spaces. Available from World Wide Web: https://www.japantimes.co.jp/life/2019/06/01/lifestyle/prison-inside-japans-hikikomori-lack-relationships-not-physical-spaces/#.Xil8ymieSUk. [Accessed: 23 January, 2020].

The Economist. (2019) Mental Health in Japan: The Rise of Recluses. The Economist. 30 November 2019.

Veterans: We’re Afraid to Say Suicide

Research Paper Title

“We’re Afraid to Say Suicide”: Stigma as a Barrier to Implementing a Community-Based Suicide Prevention Program for Rural Veterans.

Background

Suicide is a significant public health concern for veterans residing in rural communities.

Although various initiatives have been implemented to prevent suicide among veterans, efforts specific to rural veterans remain limited.

Methods

To aid such efforts, the researchers examined stigma as a potential barrier to community readiness in the implementation of a community-based suicide prevention program for rural veterans.

In this qualitative study, community readiness interviews were conducted with 13 participants in a rural community.

Themes included lack of awareness regarding veteran suicide, rare discussions of veteran suicide, and suicide-related stigma within the community.

Results

Results suggest that prioritising destigmatisation may be particularly important to implementing community-based suicide prevention programming in rural communities.

Conclusions

In particular, addressing community misconceptions regarding veteran suicide, while increasing knowledge of the extent to which veteran suicide occurs locally may facilitate increased awareness and thus community readiness to prevent suicide among rural veterans.

Reference

Monteith, L.L., Smith, N.B., Holliday, R., Dorsey Holliman, B.A., LoFaro, C.T. & Mohatt, N.V. (2019) “We’re Afraid to Say Suicide”: Stigma as a Barrier to Implementing a Community-Based Suicide Prevention Program for Rural Veterans. The Journal of Nervous and Mental Disease. doi: 10.1097/NMD.0000000000001139. [Epub ahead of print].

Inter Partner Violence & Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder

Research Paper Title

An Evidence-Based Assessment Tool for Estimating Future Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A 7-Year Follow-Up Study.

Background

Intimate partner violence (IPV) affects up to one in three women across the world.

Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a common outcome.

Many, but not all, women suffer long after they first sought help for IPV.

Validated tools for estimating the likelihood of future PTSD are lacking.

Methods

Women who sought IPV support services for the first time in 2011-2012 (N = 300) completed a seven-item screen for the presence or absence of clinically significant PTSD symptoms and the first assessment screening tool for post-traumatic stress disorder (FAST-PTSD), a tool designed to estimate future PTSD among women seeking help for IPV.

Seven years later, in 2018, 271 (90%) women again completed the seven-item screen for clinically significant PTSD symptoms.

A two-step binary logistic regression was conducted to determine the 7-year validity of the FAST for clinically significant symptoms of PTSD while controlling for baseline PTSD symptoms.

Results

More than 25% of the women reported clinically significant PTSD at 7 years. Baseline moderate- and high-risk scores on the FAST-PTSD were associated with clinically significant levels of PTSD.

Moderate risk was associated with nearly two and one-half times (odds ratio [OR] = 2.4) the risk of clinically significant symptoms of PTSD, and high risk with nearly eight times (OR = 7.8) the risk of PTSD at 7 years.

Conclusions

PTSD is commonly associated with IPV and if untreated can compromise functioning of women and their children.

The FAST-PTSD is a valid indicator of significant clinical PTSD symptoms 7 years following first contact with IPV support services.

Using the FAST-PTSD to triage women at risk for sustained PTSD to early, preventive intervention may improve outcomes for women and their children.

Reference

McFarlane, J., Maddoux, J., Paulson, R., Symes, L. & Jouriles, E.N. (2020) An Evidence-Based Assessment Tool for Estimating Future Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder: A 7-Year Follow-Up Study. Journals of Women’s Health. doi: 10.1089/jwh.2019.7699. [Epub ahead of print].

Polycythemia, Mental Health & the Great East Japan Earthquake

Research Paper Title

Relationship between the prevalence of polycythemia and factors observed in the mental health and lifestyle survey after the Great East Japan Earthquake.

Background

The researchers have been examining the Comprehensive Health Check of the Fukushima Health Management Survey of residents of 13 municipalities who were forced by the government to evacuate due to the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake (GEJE).

Their findings showed that evacuation is a risk factor for polycythemia and suggested that experiencing an unprecedented disaster and exposure to chronic stress due to evacuation might be a cause of polycythemia.

Methods

The researchers analysed the relationship between the prevalence of polycythemia and the following factors observed in the Mental Health and Lifestyle Survey in an observational study with a cross-sectional design:

  • Traumatic symptoms;
  • Depression status;
  • Socioeconomic factors such as residential environment; and
  • Working situation after the GEJE.

Target population of the survey included men and women who were at least 15 years of age and who lived in the evacuation zones specified by the government.

Participants analysed consisted of 29,474 persons (12,379 men and 16,888 women) who had participated in both the 2011 Comprehensive Health Check and Mental Health and Lifestyle Survey from June 2011 through March 2012.

Results

The prevalence of polycythemia was not associated with mental states associated with traumatic symptoms (Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Checklist Scale ≥ 44) and depression status (Kessler 6-item Scale ≥ 13).

Furthermore, multivariate analysis showed that there was a tendency for males to develop polycythemia, with characteristics such as:

  • Being aged 65 years and older;
  • Highly educated;
  • Obese (body mass index ≥ 25);
  • Hypertensive;
  • Diabetic;
  • Having liver dysfunction; and
  • A smoker being significantly related to the prevalence of polycythemia.

Conclusions

The researchers state their findings conclusively demonstrated that polycythemia was not significantly related to psychological factors, but was significantly related to the onset of lifestyle-related disease after the GEJE.

Reference

Sakai, A., Nakano, H., Ohira, T., Maeda, M., Okazaki, K., Takahashi, A., Kawasaki, Y., Satoh, H., Ohtsuru, A., Shimabukuro, M., Kazama, J., Hashimoto, S., Hosoya, M., Yasumura, S., Yabe, H., Ohto, H., Kamiya, K. & Fukushima Health Management Survey Group. (2020) Relationship between the prevalence of polycythemia and factors observed in the mental health and lifestyle survey after the Great East Japan Earthquake. Medicine (Baltimore). 99(1):e18486. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000018486.

A Review into Effective & Cost Effective Interventions of Child Mental Health Problems

Research Paper Title

Effective/cost effective interventions of child mental health problems in low- and middle-income countries (LAMIC): Systematic review.

Background

This systematic review protocol aims to examine the evidence of effectiveness and cost-effectiveness of interventions for children and adolescents with, or at risk of developing mental disorders in low- and middle-income countries (LAMICs).

Methods

The researchers will search Medline Ovid, EMBASE Ovid, PsycINFO Ovid, CINAHL, LILACS, BDENF and IBECS.

They will include randomised and non-randomised controlled trials, economic modelling studies and economic evaluations.

Participants are 6 to 18 year-old children and adolescents who live in a LAMIC and who present with, or are at high risk of developing, one or more of the conditions: depression, anxiety, behavioural disorders, eating disorders, psychosis, substance abuse, autism and intellectual disabilities as defined by the DSM-V. Interventions which address suicide, self-harm will also be included, if identified during the extraction process.

They will include in person or e-health interventions which have some evidence of effectiveness (in relation to clinical ad/or functional outcomes) and which have been delivered to young people in LAMICs.

They will also consider a wide range of delivery channels (e.g., in person, web-based or virtual, phone), different practitioners (healthcare practitioners, teachers, lay health care providers) and sectors (i.e., primary, secondary and tertiary health care, education, guardianship councils).

In the pilot of screening procedures, 5% of all references will be screened by two reviewers.

Divergences will be resolved by one expert in mental health research.

Reviewers will be retrained afterwards to ensure reliability.

The remaining 95% will be screened by one reviewer. Covidence web-based tool will be used to perform screening of references and full text paper, and data extraction.

Results

The protocol of this systematic review will be disseminated in a peer-reviewed journal and presented at relevant conferences.

The results will be presented descriptively and, if possible, meta-analysis will be conducted.

Ethical approval is not needed for anonymised secondary data.

Conclusions

The systematic review could help health specialists and other professionals to identify evidence-based strategies to deal with child and adolescents with mental health conditions.

Reference

Grande, A.J., Ribeiro, W.S., Faustino, C., de Miranda, C.T., Mcdaid, D., Fry, A., de Moraes, S.H.M., de Oliveira, S.M.D.V.L., de Farias, J.M., de Tarso Coelho Jardim, P., King, D., Silva, V., Ziebold, C. & Evans-Lacko, S. (2020) Effective/cost effective interventions of child mental health problems in low- and middle-income countries (LAMIC): Systematic review. Medicine (Baltimore). 99(1):e18611. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000018611.

Do We Need to be Aware of Differences in Patients’ Perceptions of Medication Support?

Research Paper Title

Enabling patients to cope with psychotropic medication in mental health care: Evaluation and reports of the new inventory MedSupport.

Background

This cross sectional study examined patients’ perceptions of professional support regarding use of psychotropic medication in a specialist mental health care setting.

The aims were to evaluate reliability and validity of the MedSupport inventory, and investigate possible associations between MedSupport scores and patient characteristics.

Methods

A cross-sectional study was performed.

The patients completed the MedSupport, a newly developed self-reported 6 item questionnaire on a Likert scale ranged 1 to 5 (1 = strongly disagree to 5 = strongly agree), and the Beliefs about Medicines Questionnaire.

Diagnosis and treatment information were obtained at the clinical visits and from patient records.

Among the 992 patients recruited, 567 patients (57%) used psychotropic medications, and 514 (91%) of these completed the MedSupport and were included in the study.

Results

The MedSupport showed an adequate internal consistency (Cronbach alpha.87; 95% CI.86-89) and a convergent validity toward the available variables.

The MedSupport mean score was 3.8 (standard deviation.9, median 3.8).

Increasing age and the experience of stronger needs for psychotropic medication were associated with perception of more support to cope with medication, whereas higher concern toward use of psychotropic medication was associated with perception of less support.

Patients diagnosed with behavioural and emotional disorders, onset in childhood and adolescence perceived more support than patients with Mood disorders.

Conclusions

The MedSupport inventory was suitable for assessing the patients’ perceived support from health care service regarding their medication.

Awareness of differences in patients’ perceptions might enable the service to provide special measures for patients who perceive insufficient medication support.

Reference

Drivenes, K., Vederhus, J.K., Haaland, V.Ø., Ruud, T., Hauge, Y.L., Regevik, H., Falk, R.S. & Tanum, L. (2020) Enabling patients to cope with psychotropic medication in mental health care: Evaluation and reports of the new inventory MedSupport. Medicine (Baltimore). 99(1):e18635. doi: 10.1097/MD.0000000000018635.

Slash Anxiety, Depression, & Stress Levels with a Whole Foods Diet

For those already struggling with their New Year eating resolutions, they may be happy to hear that it can take under a month to see improvements in how they feel after adopting a healthy diet.

A randomised control study, conducted by researchers at Macquarie University in Australia, found that when depressed university students, aged between 17 and 35, switched from a processed diet to a whole foods diet anxiety, depression, and stress levels were slashed.

The whole foods diet included (per day):

  • Two or three servings of fruit.
  • Five portions of vegetables.
  • Three servings each of wholegrains and lean protein.
  • Two tablespoons of olive oil.
  • One teaspoon of turmeric or cinnamon.