Book: How Emotions Are Made

Book Title:

How Emotions Are Made – The Secret Life Of The Brain.

Author(s): Lisa Feldman Barrett.

Year: 2017.

Edition: First (1st); Main Market Edition.

Publisher: Macmillan.

Type(s): Hardcover, Paperback, Audiobook, and Kindle.

Synopsis:

When you feel anxious, angry, happy, or surprised, what is really going on inside you? Most scientists would agree that emotions come from specific parts of the brain, and that we feel them whenever they are triggered by the world around us. The thrill of seeing an old friend, the sadness of a tear-jerker movie, the fear of losing someone you love – each of these sensations arises automatically and uncontrollably within us, finding expression on our faces and in our behaviour, and carrying us away with the experience.

This understanding of emotion has been around since Aristotle. But what if it is wrong? In How Your Emotions Are Made, pioneering psychologist Lisa Feldman Barrett draws on the latest scientific evidence to reveal that our ideas about emotion are dramatically, even dangerously, out of date – and that we have been paying the price. Emotions do not exist objectively in nature, Barrett explains, and they are not pre-programmed in our brains and bodies; rather, they are psychological experiences that each of us constructs based on our unique personal history, physiology and environment.

This new view of emotions has serious implications: when judges issue lesser sentences for crimes of passion, when police officers fire at threatening suspects, or when doctors choose between one diagnosis and another, they are all, in some way, relying on the ancient assumption that emotions are hardwired into our brains and bodies. Revising that conception of emotion is not just good science, Barrett shows; it is vital to our wellbeing and the health of society itself.

Investigating Spontaneous Brain Activity in Bipolar Disorder

Research Paper Title

Investigating spontaneous brain activity in bipolar disorder: A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study.

Background

Despite several neuroimaging studies in the past few years, the exact pathophysiology responsible for the development of bipolar disorder (BD) is still not completely known.

Importantly, to the best of our knowledge, no study from India has examined resting state (RS) connectivity abnormalities in BD using regional homogeneity (ReHo).

Hence, the researchers examined spontaneous brain activity in patients with BD using RS functional magnetic resonance imaging (RS-fMRI).

Therefore, the aim of the study was to examine the spontaneous brain activity in patients with BD-I using ReHo approach and RS-fMRI compared to age- and gender-matched healthy control (HC).

Methods

A total of 20 patients with BD and 20 age-, gender-, and education-matched HCs participated in the study. The fMRI data were obtained using 1.5T scanner. RS-fMRI abnormalities were analysed using ReHo method.

Results

Compared to healthy adults, significantly increased ReHo in the BD group was found in the right precuneus, right insula, right supramarginal gyrus, left superior frontal gyrus, right inferior frontal gyrus, right precentral gyrus, and right paracentral lobule.

No region had significantly lower ReHo values in BD patients compared to controls.

Conclusions

These results suggested that abnormal local synchronisation of spontaneous brain activity is present in the frontoparietoinsular region which may be related to the pathophysiology of BD.

Reference

Achalia, R.M., Jacob, A., Achalia, G., Sable, A., Venkatasubramanian, G. & Rao, N.P. (2019) Investigating spontaneous brain activity in bipolar disorder: A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Indian Journal of Psychiatry. 61(6):630-634. doi: 10.4103/psychiatry.IndianJPsychiatry_391_19.