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I Know This Much Is True TV Series Overview

Introduction

I Know This Much Is True is an American television miniseries written and directed by Derek Cianfrance based on the 1998 novel of the same name by Wally Lamb.

Mark Ruffalo stars in two roles, identical twin brothers Dominick and Thomas Birdsey.

Outline

Middle-aged Dominick Birdsey recounts his troubled relationship with Thomas, his paranoid schizophrenic twin brother, and his efforts to get him released from an asylum.

Cast

  • Main:
    • Mark Ruffalo as Dominick and Thomas Birdsey.
    • Melissa Leo as Ma, Dominick and Thomas’ mother. It is later revealed her full name is Concettina Ipolita Tempesta Birdsey.
    • John Procaccino as Ray Birdsey, Dominick and Thomas’ stepfather
    • Rob Huebel as Leo[3], Dominick’s best friend.
    • Michael Greyeyes as Ralph Drinkwater, a former classmate from Dominick and Thomas’ youth whose life intersects once again with Dominick.
    • Gabe Fazio as Shawn Tudesco, a weightlifter down at hard-bodies. Fazio also played Dominick and Thomas Birdsey as a stand-in for scenes where both of them would appear.
    • Juliette Lewis as Nedra Frank, a self-absorbed grad student hired by Dominick.
    • Kathryn Hahn as Dessa Constantine, Dominick’s ex-wife.
    • Rosie O’Donnell as Lisa Sheffer, a social worker for unit two at the Hatch Forensic Institute.
    • Imogen Poots as Joy Hanks, Dominick’s live-in girlfriend.
    • Archie Panjabi as Dr. Patel, Thomas’ newly appointed psychologist.
    • Philip Ettinger as Young Dominick and Thomas Birdsey.
    • Aisling Franciosi as Young Dessa
    • Bruce Greenwood as Dr. Hume.
    • Marcello Fonte as Domenico Onofrio Tempesta, Dominick and Thomas’ maternal grandfather from Sicily.
    • Harris Yulin as Father LaVie.
  • Recurring:
    • Donnie Masihi as 8-Year Old Dominick Birdsey.
    • Rocco Masihi as 8-Year Old Thomas Birdsey.
    • Joseph Ragno as Henrey Rood.
    • Laura Esterman as Ruth Rood.
    • Annie Fitzgerald as Miss Hanker.
    • Irene Muscara as Prosperine Tucci (“The Monkey”), Ignazia’s best friend and lover, loathed by Domenico Tempesta.
    • Matt Helm as Young Leo.
    • Agatha Nowicki as Angie Constantine, Dessa’s sister.
    • Tatanka Means as Nabby Drinkwater.
    • Achakos Johnson as Penny Ann Drinkwater.
  • Guest:
    • Brian Goodman as Al (“One”).
    • Guillermo Diaz as Sergeant Mercado (“One”).
    • Laura Silverman as Kristin (“One”).
    • Joe Grifasi as Steve Falice (“Four”).
    • Felix Solis as Nurse (“Four”).
    • Sue Jean Kim as Dr. Yup (“Four”).
    • Roberta Rigano as Ignazia Tucci Tempesta (Violetta d’Annunzio), Dominick’s grandmother from Pescara. (“Five”).
    • Simone Coppo as Vincenzo Tempesta, youngest brother of Domenico Tempesta. (“Five”).
    • Zaria Degenhardt as Concettina Tempesta, Dominick and Thomas’ mother as a young girl (“Six”).

Trivia

  • In June 1998, it was announced that 20th Century Fox had acquired film rights to I Know This Much Is True by Wally Lamb, with Clinica Estetico producing, and Jonathan Demme potentially directing.
    • In July 2000, it was announced Matt Damon would star in the film, with Jim Sheridan directing from a screenplay by Richard Friedenberg.
    • In July 2004, it was announced Gina Prince-Bythewood would direct and re-write the film.
    • The film rights expired and reverted back to Lamb, who thought the novel would be better adapted into a miniseries rather than a film. Being a fan of Mark Ruffalo’s work, Lamb suggested Ruffalo should play the role of the twins.
    • Ruffalo was sent the book and wrote an e-mail to Lamb confessing his love for the novel, stating he definitely wanted to be involved.
  • Ruffalo had been interested in working with Derek Cianfrance, and reached out to see if Cianfrance would be interested in directing and writing the series.
    • Lamb told Cianfrance and Ruffalo to make the material their own, and did not ask to see the scripts.
    • In October 2017, it was announced HBO would produce and distribute the series, with Ruffalo starring and executive producing, Cianfrance directing writing, executive-producing alongside Lamb, with FilmNation Entertainment producing the series.
    • In October 2018, the series was greenlit.
  • Ruffalo first shot all of his scenes as Dominick, requiring him to lose 15 lb (6.8 kg).
    • After finishing his scenes as Dominick, Ruffalo took a six-week break to gain 30 lb (14 kg) and then shoot his scenes as Thomas.
    • Gabe Fazio portrayed the roles of both Dominick and Thomas.
    • He is the same height as Ruffalo and lost thirty pounds to play Dominick when Ruffalo shot his scenes as Thomas.
    • Production concluded in October 2019.
  • The members of the Psychiatric Security Review Board in Episode 4 are played by some local officials in Dutchess County, New York, where most of the series was filmed: State Senator Sue Serino, sheriff Butch Anderson, and his wife Danielle, president of the Mid-Hudson Civic Center in Poughkeepsie.
  • Principal photography began in April 2019, in New York’s Hudson Valley.
    • On 09 May 2019 a fire erupted on the set of the series at a used car dealership in Ellenville.
    • The building, film equipment and 20 vintage cars were destroyed.
    • There were no injuries but it put filming on hold.

I Know This Much Is True Series

Production & Filming Details

  • Narrator(s): Mark Ruffalo and Marcello Fonte.
  • Director(s): Derek Cianfrance.
  • Producer(s): Wally Lamb, Anya Epstein, Ben Browning, Glen Basner, Lynette Howell, Taylor, Gregg Fienberg, Mark Ruffalo, Derek Cianfrance, and Jeffrey T. Bernstein.
  • Writer(s): Derek Cianfrance and Anya Epstein.
  • Music: Harold Budd.
  • Cinematography: Jody Lee Lipes.
  • Editor(s): Ron Patane, Jim Helton, Malcolm Jamieson, Dean Palisch, and Nico Leunen.
  • Production: Willi Hill and FilmNation Entertainment.
  • Distributor(s): HBO.
  • Release Date: 10 May 2020 to 14 June 2020.
  • Running Time: 59-80 minutes (per episode).
  • Country: US.
  • Language: English.

What’s the Matter with Tony Slattery? (2020)

Introduction

Actor and comedian Tony Slattery, as he searches for a better understanding of the mental health problems he has had for the past 25 years.

Outline

Comedian Tony Slattery meets experts to explore his psychological problems, finding out if he is definitely bipolar, confronting addiction and opening up about a childhood trauma.

Tony Slattery was one of the most gifted TV comedians of the late 1980’s and early 1990’s.

Production & Filming Details

  • Narrator(s): Denise Gough.
  • Director(s): Clare Richards.
  • Producer(s): Katie Buchanan, Katharine Fish, Alan Holland, and Clare Richards.
  • Music: Andy C. Taylor.
  • Editor(s): Sean Mackenzie.
  • Production: Sundog Pictures.
  • Distributor(s): BBC Two.
  • Release Date: 21 May 2020.
  • Running Time: 59 minutes.
  • Country: UK.
  • Language: English.

What Progression has there been of Mental Health Services During the COVID-19 Outbreak in China?

Research Paper Title

Progression of Mental Health Services During the COVID-19 Outbreak in China.

Background

The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) has been rapidly transmitted in China, Macau, Hong Kong, and other Asian and European counterparts.

This COVID-19 epidemic has aroused increasing attention nationwide.

Patients, health professionals, and the general public are under insurmountable psychological pressure which may lead to various psychological problems, such as anxiety, fear, depression, and insomnia.

Psychological crisis intervention plays a pivotal role in the overall deployment of the disease control.

The National Health Commission of China has summoned a call for emergency psychological crisis intervention and thus, various mental health associations and organisations have established expert teams to compile guidelines and public health educational articles/videos for mental health professionals and the general public alongside with online mental health services.

In addition, mental health professionals and expert groups are stationed in designated isolation hospitals to provide on-site services.

Experts have reached a consensus on the admission of patients with severe mental illness during the COVID-19 outbreak in mental health institutions.

Nevertheless, the rapid transmission of the COVID-19 has emerged to mount a serious challenge to the mental health service in China.

Reference

Wen, Li., Yuan, Yang., Zi-Han, Liu., Yan-Jie, Zhao., Qinge, Zhang., Ling, Zhang., Teris, Cheung. & Yu-Tao, Xiang. (2020) Progression of Mental Health Services During the COVID-19 Outbreak in China. International Journal of Biological Sciences. 16(10), pp.1732-1738. doi: 10.7150/ijbs.45120. eCollection 2020.

Coronavirus: Healthcare Workers & their Mental Health

Research Paper Title

Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019.

Background

Health care workers exposed to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) could be psychologically stressed.

Objective: To assess the magnitude of mental health outcomes and associated factors among health care workers treating patients exposed to COVID-19 in China.

Methods

This cross-sectional, survey-based, region-stratified study collected demographic data and mental health measurements from 1257 health care workers in 34 hospitals from January 29, 2020, to February 3, 2020, in China. Health care workers in hospitals equipped with fever clinics or wards for patients with COVID-19 were eligible.

The degree of symptoms of depression, anxiety, insomnia, and distress was assessed by the Chinese versions of the 9-item Patient Health Questionnaire, the 7-item Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale, the 7-item Insomnia Severity Index, and the 22-item Impact of Event Scale-Revised, respectively. Multivariable logistic regression analysis was performed to identify factors associated with mental health outcomes.

Results

A total of 1,257 of 1,830 contacted individuals completed the survey, with a participation rate of 68.7%. A total of 813 (64.7%) were aged 26 to 40 years, and 964 (76.7%) were women. Of all participants, 764 (60.8%) were nurses, and 493 (39.2%) were physicians; 760 (60.5%) worked in hospitals in Wuhan, and 522 (41.5%) were frontline health care workers.

A considerable proportion of participants reported symptoms of depression (634 [50.4%]), anxiety (560 [44.6%]), insomnia (427 [34.0%]), and distress (899 [71.5%]).

Nurses, women, frontline health care workers, and those working in Wuhan, China, reported more severe degrees of all measurements of mental health symptoms than other health care workers (eg, median [IQR] Patient Health Questionnaire scores among physicians vs nurses: 4.0 [1.0-7.0] vs 5.0 [2.0-8.0]; P = .007; median [interquartile range {IQR}] Generalized Anxiety Disorder scale scores among men vs women: 2.0 [0-6.0] vs 4.0 [1.0-7.0]; P < .001; median [IQR] Insomnia Severity Index scores among frontline vs second-line workers: 6.0 [2.0-11.0] vs 4.0 [1.0-8.0]; P < .001; median [IQR] Impact of Event Scale-Revised scores among those in Wuhan vs those in Hubei outside Wuhan and those outside Hubei: 21.0 [8.5-34.5] vs 18.0 [6.0-28.0] in Hubei outside Wuhan and 15.0 [4.0-26.0] outside Hubei; P < .001).

Multivariable logistic regression analysis showed participants from outside Hubei province were associated with lower risk of experiencing symptoms of distress compared with those in Wuhan (odds ratio [OR], 0.62; 95% CI, 0.43-0.88; P = .008).

Frontline health care workers engaged in direct diagnosis, treatment, and care of patients with COVID-19 were associated with a higher risk of symptoms of depression (OR, 1.52; 95% CI, 1.11-2.09; P = .01), anxiety (OR, 1.57; 95% CI, 1.22-2.02; P < .001), insomnia (OR, 2.97; 95% CI, 1.92-4.60; P < .001), and distress (OR, 1.60; 95% CI, 1.25-2.04; P < .001).

Conclusions

In this survey of heath care workers in hospitals equipped with fever clinics or wards for patients with COVID-19 in Wuhan and other regions in China, participants reported experiencing psychological burden, especially nurses, women, those in Wuhan, and frontline health care workers directly engaged in the diagnosis, treatment, and care for patients with COVID-19.

Reference

Jianbo, Lai., Simeng, Ma., Ying, Wang., Zhongxiang, Cai., Jianbo, Hu., Ning, Wei., Jiang, Wu., Hui, Du., Tingting, Chen., Ruiting, Li., Huawei, Tan., Lijun, Kang., Lihua, Yao., Manli, Huang., Huafen, Wang., Gaohua, Wang., Zhongchun, Liu. & Shaohua, Hu. (2020) Factors Associated With Mental Health Outcomes Among Health Care Workers Exposed to Coronavirus Disease 2019. JAMA Network Open. 3(3):e203976. doi: 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.3976.

Can Internet-Based CBT be used to Treat Young People with OCD?

Research Paper Title

Online Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Treatment: Preliminary Results of the “OCD? Not Me!” Self-Guided Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Program for Young People.

Background

The development and evaluation of Internet-delivered cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) interventions provides a potential solution for current limitations in the acceptability, availability, and accessibility of mental health care for young people with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD).

Preliminary results support the effectiveness of therapist-assisted iCBT for young people with OCD; however, no previous studies have examined the effectiveness of completely self-guided iCBT for OCD in young people.

The researches aimed to conduct a preliminary evaluation of the effectiveness of the OCD? Not Me! program for reducing OCD-related psychopathology in young people (12-18 years). This programme is an eight-stage, completely self-guided iCBT treatment for OCD, which is based on exposure and response prevention.

Methods

These data were early and preliminary results of a longer study in which an open trial design is being used to evaluate the effectiveness of the OCD? Not Me!

Participants were required to have at least subc-linical levels of OCD to be offered the online program. Participants with moderate-high suicide/self-harm risk or symptoms of eating disorder or psychosis were not offered the programme. OCD symptoms and severity were measured at pre- and post-test, and at the beginning of each stage of the programme. Data was analysed using generalised linear mixed models.

Results

A total of 334 people were screened for inclusion in the study, with 132 participants aged 12 to 18 years providing data for the final analysis.

Participants showed significant reductions in OCD symptoms (P<.001) and severity (P<.001) between pre- and post-test.

Conclusions

These preliminary results suggest that fully automated iCBT holds promise as a way of increasing access to treatment for young people with OCD; however, further research needs to be conducted to replicate the results and to determine the feasibility of the programme.

Reference

Rees, C.S., Anderson, R.A., Kane, R.T. & Finaly-Jones, A.L. (2016) Online Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder Treatment: Preliminary Results of the “OCD? Not Me!” Self-Guided Internet-Based Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Program for Young People. JMIR Mental Health. 3(3):e29. doi: 10.2196/mental.5363.

Linking Recognition Performance in Participants with Greater PTSD Symptom Severity & Ineffective Encoding Reflected in Altered Modulation of Beta Band Oscillatory Activity

Research Paper Title

Altered Modulation of Beta Band Oscillations During Memory Encoding Is Predictive of Lower Subsequent Recognition Performance in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder.

Background

The researchers studied the relationship between electrophysiological markers of memory encoding, subsequent recognition performance, and severity of PTSD symptoms in service members with combat exposure (n = 40, age: 41.2 ± 7.2 years) and various levels of PTSD symptom severity assessed using the PTSD Check List for DSM V version (PCL-5).

Methods

Brain activity was recorded using magnetoencephalography during a serial presentation of 86 images of outdoor scenes that were studied by participants for an upcoming recognition test.

In a second session, the original images were shown intermixed with an equal number of novel images while participants performed the recognition task.

Results

Participants recognised 76.0% ± 12.1% of the original images and correctly categorised as novel 89.9% ± 7.0% of the novel images.

A negative correlation was present between PCL-5 scores and discrimination performance (Spearman rs = -0.38, p = 0.016). PCL-5 scores were also negatively correlated with the recognition accuracy for original images (rs = -0.37, p = 0.02).

Increases in theta and gamma power and decreases in alpha and beta power were observed over distributed brain networks during memory encoding.

Higher PCL-5 scores were associated with less suppression of beta band power in bilateral ventral and medial temporal regions and in the left orbitofrontal cortex.

These regions also showed positive correlations between the magnitude of suppression of beta power during encoding and subsequent recognition accuracy.

Conclusions

These findings indicate that the lower recognition performance in participants with greater PTSD symptom severity may be due in part to ineffective encoding reflected in altered modulation of beta band oscillatory activity.

Reference

Popescu, M., Popescu, E-A., DeGraba, T.J. & Hughes, J.D. (2020) Altered Modulation of Beta Band Oscillations During Memory Encoding Is Predictive of Lower Subsequent Recognition Performance in Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. NeuroImage. Clinical. doi: 10.1016/j.nicl.2019.102154. Epub 2019 Dec 27.

Is ERRT-M Useful and Credible?

Research Paper Title

A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Trauma-Related Nightmares in Active Duty Military Personnel.

Background

The aim of this study was to obtain preliminary data on the efficacy, credibility, and acceptability of Exposure, relaxation, and rescripting therapy for military service members and veterans (ERRT-M) in active duty military personnel with trauma-related nightmares.

Methods

Forty participants were randomised to either 5 sessions of ERRT-M or 5 weeks of minimal contact control (MCC) followed by ERRT-M. Assessments were completed at baseline, post-treatment/post-control, and 1-month follow-up.

Results

Differences between ERRT-M and control were generally medium in size for nightmare frequency (Cohen d = -0.53), nights with nightmares (d = -0.38), nightmare severity (d = -0.60), fear of sleep (d = -0.44), and symptoms of insomnia (d = -0.52), and depression (d = -0.51).

In the 38 participants who received ERRT-M, there were statistically significant, medium-sized decreases in nightmare frequency (d = -0.52), nights with nightmares (d = -0.50), nightmare severity (d = -0.55), fear of sleep (d = -0.48), and symptoms of insomnia (d = -0.59), post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) (d = -0.58) and depression (d = -0.59) from baseline to 1-month follow-up.

Participants generally endorsed medium to high ratings of treatment credibility and expectancy.

The treatment dropout rate (17.5%) was comparable to rates observed for similar treatments in civilians.

Conclusions

ERRT-M produced medium effect-size reductions in nightmares and several secondary outcomes including PTSD, depression, and insomnia.

Participants considered ERRT-M to be credible.

An adequately powered randomised clinical trial is needed to confirm findings and to compare ERRT-M to an active treatment control.

Reference

Pruiksma, K.E., Taylor, D.J., Mintz, J., Nicholson, K.L., Rodgers, M., Young-McCaughan, S., Hall-Clark, B.N., Fina, B.A., Dondanville, K.A., Cobos, B., Wardle-Pinkston, S., Litz, B.T., Roache, J.D., Perterson, A.L. & STRONG STAR Consortium. (2020) A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial of Cognitive Behavioral Treatment for Trauma-Related Nightmares in Active Duty Military Personnel. Journal of Clinical Sleep Medicine. 16(1), pp.29-40. doi: 10.5664/jcsm.8116. Epub 2019 Nov 26.

Does Hardiness Protect Against Alcohol Use in Soldiers?

Research Paper Title

Hardiness Protects Against Problematic Alcohol Use in Male, but Not Female, Soldiers.

Background

Military service members are at high risk for problematic substance use compared with the general population; deployment and combat exposure further increases this risk.

It is thus critical to identify resiliency factors that can buffer the negative effects of military experiences and potentially prevent problematic alcohol use.

The current research examines the extent to which psychological hardiness predicts lower risk of problematic alcohol use and explores potential sex differences in this association.

Methods

Data are from Operation: SAFETY, an ongoing study of US Army Reserve/National Guard soldiers.

Negative binomial regression models examined the relation between baseline hardiness, assessed by the 15-item Dispositional Resiliency Scale, and problematic alcohol use at the 1-year follow-up, assessed by the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (N = 260), controlling for baseline combat exposure (Combat Exposure subscale, Deployment Risk and Resilience Inventory-2) and baseline quantity and frequency of alcohol use.

To examine the impact of hardiness on men and women, models were stratified by sex.

Results

In final, adjusted models, hardiness predicted lower risk of problematic alcohol use (adjusted risk ratio = 0.98; p < .05) for male soldiers and was unrelated to alcohol use for female soldiers (adjusted risk ratio = 1.01; p > .05).

Post hoc analyses explored the impact of each dimension of hardiness (i.e., commitment, control, and challenge) on problematic alcohol use.

Conclusions

Hardiness assessment may complement existing screening tools to identify high-risk populations; interventions to promote hardiness may help in preventing problematic alcohol use, particularly among male soldiers.

Reference

Kulak, J.A., Homish, D.L., Hoopsick, R.A., Fillo, J., Bartone, P.T. & Homish, G.G. (2020) Hardiness Protects Against Problematic Alcohol Use in Male, but Not Female, Soldiers. Psychological Services. doi: 10.1037/ser0000409. Online ahead of print.

Are Alterations in Alpha Synchrony Discriminatory of PTSD?

Research Paper Title

Alterations in Sleep EEG Synchrony in Combat-Exposed Veterans With PTSD.

Background

The researchers assessed whether the synchrony between brain regions, analysed using electroencephalography (EEG) signals recorded during sleep, is altered in subjects with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and whether the results are reproducible across consecutive nights and sub-populations of the study.

Methods

Seventy-eight combat-exposed veteran men with (n = 31) and without (n = 47) PTSD completed two consecutive laboratory nights of high-density EEG recordings. They computed a measure of synchrony for each EEG channel-pair across three sleep stages [rapid eye movement (REM) and non-REM stages 2 and 3] and six frequency bands.

The researchers examined the median synchrony in nine region-of-interest (ROI) pairs consisting of six bilateral brain regions (left and right frontal, central, and parietal regions) for ten frequency-band and sleep-stage combinations.

To assess reproducibility, they used the first 47 consecutive subjects (18 with PTSD) for initial discovery and the remaining 31 subjects (13 with PTSD) for replication.

Results

In the discovery analysis, five alpha-band synchrony pairs during non-REM sleep were consistently larger in PTSD subjects compared to controls (effect sizes ranging from 0.52 to 1.44) across consecutive nights: two between the left-frontal and left-parietal ROIs, one between the left-central and left-parietal ROIs, and two across central and parietal bilateral ROIs.

These trends were preserved in the replication set.

Conclusions

PTSD subjects showed increased alpha-band synchrony during non-REM sleep in the left fronto-parietal, left centro-parietal, and inter-parietal brain regions.

Importantly, these trends were reproducible across consecutive nights and sub-populations. Thus, these alterations in alpha synchrony may be discriminatory of PTSD.

Reference

Laximinarayan, S., Wang, C., Ramakrishnan, S., Oyama, T., Cashmere, J.D., Germain, A. & Reifman, J. (2020) Alterations in Sleep EEG Synchrony in Combat-Exposed Veterans With PTSD. Sleep. doi: 10.1093/sleep/zsaa006. Online ahead of print.

Identifying Qualitatively Distinct PTSD Symptom Typologies

Research Paper Title

Identifying PTSD Symptom Typologies: A Latent Class Analysis.

Background

Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is characterised by re-experiencing, avoidance, negative alterations in cognition and mood, and arousal symptoms per the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 5th edition (DSM-5).

While numerous symptom combinations are possible to meet diagnostic criteria, simplification of this heterogeneity of symptom presentations may have clinical utility.

Methods

In a nationally representative sample of American adults with lifetime DSM-5 PTSD diagnoses from the third wave of the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions (n = 2,365), the researchers used Latent Class Analysis (LCA) to identify qualitatively distinct PTSD symptom typologies.

Subsequently, they used linear and logistic regressions to identify demographic, trauma-related, and psychiatric characteristics associated with membership in each class.

Results

In contrast to prior LCAs with DSM-IV-TR diagnostic criteria, fit indices for the present analyses of DSM-5 PTSD revealed a four-class solution to the data:

  1. Dysphoric (23.8%);
  2. Threat-Reactivity (26.1%);
  3. High Symptom (33.7%); and
  4. Low Symptom (16.3%).

Exploratory analyses revealed distinctions between classes in socioeconomic impairment, trauma exposure, comorbid diagnoses, and demographic characteristics.

Conclusions

Although the study is limited by its cross-sectional design (preventing analysis of temporal associations or causal pathways between covariates and latent classes), findings may support efforts to develop personalised medicine approaches to PTSD diagnosis and treatment.

Reference

Campbell, S.B., Trachik, B., Goldberg, S. & Simpson, T.L. (2020) Identifying PTSD Symptom Typologies: A Latent Class Analysis. Psychiatry Research. 285:112779. doi: 10.1016/j.psychres.2020.112779. Epub 2020 Jan 23.